Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. It can serve as a formative or final assessment in a unit on medieval Islamic civilization, an introduction to DBQs and DBQ writing, or a class activity to help teach the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, or the Ottoman Empire. By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. In the 15th century, Constantinoples walls were widely recognized as the most formidable in all of Europe. The Genoese general in charge of the defenders on land, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. The Venetian Nicol Barbaro claimed in his diary that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate. The imperial efforts to impose union were met with strong resistance in Constantinople. In the meantime, Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus entreated major powers in Christendom to aid him in the impending siege. [20]:377 On 28 May, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, mass religious processions were held in the city. A devastating blow to Christendom, the loss of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover the city. The nuns left behind, even those who were obviously such, were disgraced with foul debaucheries.[68]. Fifty carpenters and 200 artisans also strengthened the roads where necessary. The oldest boy, renamed Murad, became a personal favourite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumeli (the Balkans). [40]:40 It has also been claimed that Constantinople was "the best-defended city in Europe" at that time. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. Hungary was the primary European threat to the Ottomans on land, and Venice and Genoa controlled much of the Aegean and Black seas. Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. [31]:9697 Mehmed's massive cannons fired on the walls for weeks but due to their imprecision and extremely slow rate of fire, the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot, mitigating the effect of the Ottoman artillery. [32]:380 This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall, which faces the Horn. The Sack of Constantinople The Crusader army arrived outside Constantinople on 24 June 1203 CE. Fall Of Rome Dbq. Thanks to its location on the Bosporus Strait, Constantinople became a major trading center. PDF. Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings.The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. They largely refrained from slaughtering commoners and nobility, instead choosing to ransom them to their home states and primarily executing only those who fought after the surrender. [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. Now, at this happy and joyful moment of time, we have the riches of the Greeks, we have won their empire, and their religion is completely extinguished. The fleet was twice driven back, and Baltaolu retreated to Diplokionion until the night of the 17th, when he moved to capture the Princes Islands southeast of the city at the same time that Mehmeds land regiments assaulted the Mesoteichon section of the wall. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. The Summons to Alexis 2. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. [note 7] The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. Women were raped, virgins deflowered and youths forced to take part in shameful obscenities. A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. Quote Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the fall of.. . Emperor who moved Rome's capital to the east. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Roman advancements in engineering, architecture, (blank), and philosophy helped shape later . Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. In the west, Latin was the language of scholars, diplomats, and the church. Tanggal. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that, having passed it along in succession from their fathers, from father to son, they handed it down to me. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . Byzantine Empire. Save. "[31]:152, Looting was carried out on a massive scale by sailors and marines who entered the city via other walls before they had been suppressed by regular troops, who were beyond the main gate. The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate (itself guarded by a Genoese called Manuel) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall. constantine ran out of money and became the capital due to the fall of rome. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. "This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence, and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion, for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears. Giustiniani intended to concentrate most of these men at the land walls to the north and west, the centre of which he observed to be the most vulnerable section of the city. [103], Pope Pius II believed that the Ottomans would persecute Greek Orthodox Christians and advocated for another crusade at the Council of Mantua in 1459. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. . Page 2 of 10 Performance Tasks - Causation: Cities and the Rise and Fall of States Goal of task Target concept: . Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. [31]:9495, The Ottomans were experts in laying siege to cities. By the mid-15th century, constant struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21, 23 and 25 May, and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the Aegean, reached the Capital on 27 May and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way. [30] An accomplished soldier from Genoa, Giovanni Giustiniani, arrived in January 1453 with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios. . [111], The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase s tmbol(n) (Greek: , translit. It is estimated that perhaps 60 million people lived within its borders. Two attempts to rush the Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae walls were met with fierce resistance, and the Ottoman soldiers were forced to fall back. [20]:378 Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. At the same time, Constantine's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor's ambassadors. The Fall of Constantinople occurred on May 29, 1453, after a siege which began on April 6. The society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the west fell. Now devoid of both a long-standing buffer against the Ottomans and access to the Black Sea, Christian kingdoms relied on Hungary to halt any further westward expansion. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. Barbaro added the description of the emperor's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward. There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. We are going to learn more about why Constantinople was so successful and how it benefited the Eastern Roman Empire The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom, and it exposed the Christian West to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the East. Today Constantinople is known as Istanbul it is the largest and most vibrant city in Turkey with a population greater than 12 million residents (although not the capital, which is Ankara). We have never lost a city or a place comparable to Constantinople, The Morean (Peloponnesian) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. "[101], The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. The rest of the citizens repaired walls, stood guard on observation posts, collected and distributed food provisions, and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. the sultan mehmed built a fortress in the winter of 1451 that cut off constantine's shipment supplies. The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. In fact, the new fortress was called Boazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". [110][bettersourceneeded] They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of Byzantine civilization. Just before dawn, the sultan launched a coordinated artillery, infantry, and naval assault on Constantinople. Between 60,000 and 80,000 soldiers fought on land, accompanied by 69 cannon. [40]:44, Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. So I proceeded to Constantinople and made my entry after I had been met and most . [84], Mehmed II granted his soldiers three days to plunder the city, as he had promised them and in accordance with the custom of the time. Original text: ' ' . Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. A few civilians managed to escape. [20]:374[31]:7778 There was another large bombard, independently built by Turkish engineer Saruca, that was also used in the battle.[51][52]. The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totalling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. Before his death, Notaras supposedly said that Him who was crucified for us, died and arose and urged his horrified sons to reject the advances of Mehmed and not fear the outcome. 1.6k plays . In. In October 1452, Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios (despotes in Southern Greece) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia", World History Encyclopedia 1453: The Fall of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=1148497328. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Hungary refused to assist, and, instead of sending men, Pope Nicholas V saw the precarious situation as an opportunity to push for the reunification of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, a priority of the papacy since 1054. This item is an extract from the detailed account of an Arab envoy to Constantinople in the late 10th century. fighting Empire's downfall (4) Emptied the treasury Successors would lose what was gained Weakened the defense, by spreading the army out Victories were temporary What did Empire Constantine do? Mehmed then tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisar and building cannon powerful enough to bring down the walls of Constantinople. This mini-DBQ has multiple classroom uses. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [96]:446, Constantine XI had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. When combined with a large metal chain that had been drawn across the Golden Horn, Constantine was confident that the citys defenses could repel a naval assault and withstand Mehmeds land forces until relief came from Christian Europe. The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed "the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. A fictionalized account of the Fall of Constantinople features in the opening chapter of Death's End by Liu Cixin. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress (Rumeli hisar) on the European side of the Bosphorus,[27] several miles north of Constantinople. Other sources claim far more brutal and successful pillaging by the Ottoman invaders. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Constantine. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. [82] However, American researcher and professor Walter G. Andrew doubts the authenticity of this story, citing the similarities with the earlier story of Saint Pelagius, he states that, it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul. [London]: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1955. On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. [57] Venetian surgeon Niccol Barbaro, describing in his diary one such land attack by the Janissaries, wrote, They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle, particularly the Janissaries and when one or two of them were killed, at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones without caring how near they came to the city walls. One cause of the collapse of the western Roman Empire was the empire's vast (fill in the blank) Size. A codification of Roman law that saved Roman laws, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law. The short lived Crusade immediately came to an end and as Western Europe entered the 16th century, the age of Crusading began to come to an end. ! Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion, the middle section of the land walls, where they were crossed by the river Lycus. 3According to Steven Kreis, what was one change that resulted from the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire? How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? The Empire reached its height at 117 AD and split into West and East in 285 AD. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. . Sources. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. Despite his pleas, no Western monarch stepped forward to lead the effort. Task 3: Apply your understandingConstantinople in 600 CE . Orthodox leaders voted in favour of union, but the people of Constantinople were adamantly against it and rioted in response. Criers roamed the camp to the sound of the blasting horns, rousing the Ghazis:[63], Shortly after midnight on Tuesday 29 May, the offensive began. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple imperial regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets alongside his soldiers. by. Lokasi. This time, however, we are being attacked in Europe, in our own land, in our own house. Document 1 . Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, Serbs, Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks. The Ottoman cannon created several breaches, but most were too narrow to send troops through. Islambol (, Full of Islam) or Islambul (find Islam) or Islam(b)ol (old Turkic: be Islam), both in Turkish, were folk-etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. Although one of the fleet's main tasks was to prevent any foreign ships from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April, a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to get in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were destroyed.[60]. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. [2] Mansel, Philip. The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions. Still, the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. a year ago. Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman emperor Constantine the Great. In Egypt good tidings were proclaimed, and Cairo decorated to celebrate this greatest of conquests. The Sharif of Mecca wrote to Mehmed, calling the Sultan the one who has aided Islam and the Muslims, the Sultan of all kings and sultans,. The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. 1. [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople from land and sea while employing cannon to maintain a constant barrage of the citys formidable walls. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. 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