Beccaria said __________ was too serve of a punishment. What did it note about the national recidivism rate? The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community. Socialism, Communism, Fascism, also fall within this spectrum, but beyond the moderate, toward the Extreme, and most often, including Tyranny. It explains cost, discretion, and errors. Do women naturally feel inclined to do the housework, given their role as nurturers and caretakers? All one needs is a ball and a place to shoot. low crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics, youths from disadvantaged neighborhoods were participants in a subculture in which delinquency was approved behavior and that criminality was acquired in social and cultural settings through a process of interaction. Some cases are dismissed, while others are referred for treatment or counseling. a hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty. post conviction remideis/Appeal- decide that were errors or violations of rights case go to appellate court to see if case was handled appropriately. if the defendant is arguing issues concerning counsel, the person should turn to the. Another way of expressing the funnel effect is to say that there are many more suspects and defendants than inmates. Which of the following regions of the United States has the highest property and violent crime rates? the law as established by the outcome of former cases. A man breaks into a home during the night. Conditions of Confinements (42 U.S.C. published annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the most well-known source of official statistics on crime. Match terms a-e with the numbered example. Model of the criminal justice system in which the local, state, and federal criminal justice system are depicted as horizontal levels connected vertically by the roles, functions, and activities of the agencies that comprise them. Name three nonmaterial and three material elements that represent American culture to you. a. Rock-star subculture b. This model gives priority to values and practices that protect the rights of the offenders from the coercive power of the state, An ideal type used to capture one side of a debate about the central values or practices of the criminal justice system: should the central value be the protection of the liberty of the individual citizen or should the central value be the maintenance of social order, law enforcement, courts, corrections (interdependent ) work with each other, rights, duties and prohibition administered by the courts, are the rules concerning how these the substantive laws are to be administered , forced, changed and used in the legal system. disposition/Sentencing- if guilty then return to court for sentencing. Typically, the number of crimes known to the police per 100,000 members of the population. Misdemeanors. was an Italian philosopher and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology. In the context of criminal law, diversion refers to diverting a defendant out if the criminal justice system by having them complete a diversion program rather than be incarcerated or serve another alternative sentence. Packer, a Stanford University law professor, constructed two models, the crime control model and the due process model. For example, police officer (primarily those having the least experience, education, and training) have great discretion over whom they arrest and are effectively able to dictate policy as they go about performing their duties. Which philosopher became famous for his writing associated with the classical school of criminology? Page 13. Criminal charges are typically dropped when a defendant successfully completes a diversion program. the total number of eight specific types of offenses that are known to the police in any given year, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law. Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property. Chicago's Gang Congregation Ordinance prohibits "criminal street gang members" from loitering in public places. surveys that attempt to measure the amount of crime committed and describe the characteristics of offenders by asking people if they have committed offenses, in regard to victim surveys, the possibility that a respondent will erroneously include an earlier event in reporting on criminal victimization during a specific time period. the wedding cake model explains why some cases make it through the funnel and how, web info, books/ papers, social awareness, field experience like interships, cooperative education volunteer work employement, a just way of dealing with crime, criminals, and victims, What are the 3 theoretical views about crime is definied in society. Do attitudes about masculinity have anything to do with this? The man steals value and sneaks out the window undecteced. Emile Durkheim introduced which important concept as a cornerstone of his sociological theory of crime and deviance? This is largely believed to directly affect the amount and type of crime that exists. reckless acts lead to unintentional killings. research based on the longitudinal study of an identifiable group of individuals. Miranda rights do not apply to illegal immigrants living in the U.S. (True/False). What factors might cause a behavior that is not desirable in one generation become acceptable? In juvenile justice, this term refers to the trial. -Petty crimes disorderly, public intoxication, shoplifting, etc. Republican, Democrat, Independent, or Libertarian can fall within this Spectrum--limited to the moderate ends of the spectrum. the chronological documentation that shows the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical or electronic evidence. is an attempt to show the two main forces of Politics, i.e., the Right verses the Left. An initial hearing in which a judge decides if there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime with which he or she is charged, reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion, suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community, The court process to determine whether someone committed a criminal act. As criminal justice scholar Joel Samaha notes, the U.S. Constitution requires the government to support every deprivation of privacy, life, liberty, or property with facts. A young man plans to murder his wife. The best known example is the Uniform Crime Reports. What impact do you think this devaluing of muscle strength has on society? e. How did Americans lose their dominance in this sport? Which of the following crimes is not included in the Uniform Crime Report's list of Part I or index crimes? I heard that there were a lot of speed checks on the road, so I won't speed). drug abuse, drunk driving), A serious crime, a year or more of incarceration, A minor crime, less than a year of incarceration, Less serious than a misdemeanor, no more than 15 days of incarceration in NY, - Strict liability (liable for committing an action, regardless of intent or mental state, ex. From a societal viewpoint, what position would you take? The written statement of the essential facts of the offense offense charged against the accused and issued by a grand jury. f. Why does it seem that all tennis courts are located in wealthy neighborhoods? This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trepass, and negligence. the unlawful beating of a person; act of beating or pounding; any large group of related things, generally do NOT involve the use of a weapon, Attack on a person in which the assailant inflicts serious harm or uses a deadly weapon, taking of or attempt to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear, taking of money and or material goods without the use of force and intentional destruction of property, larceny theft, shoplifting, identity theft, plagiarism, the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another, the unlawful entry of a structure with the intent to commit a felony, celebrated cases - fascinate the public interests, serious felonies - such as rape, murder, and manslaughter, less-serious felonies - burglary or larceny. The criminal justice system is vast, employing more than 2.4 million people and costing federal, state and local governments about ______ per year. b. For instance, basketball is an urban game that does not require a lot of money to play. c. What is the socioeconomic status of the players? The United States invades Iraq. What crime did the man commit? How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault? the amount of criminal activity that is unreported and undetected; specifically, the amount of crime that is not included in official statistics such as the Uniform Crime Report, the practice of reducing the seriousness of a crime alleged by a victim or complainant, such as recording a reported felony as if it were a misdemeanor, in regard to victim surveys, the possibility that a respondent will forget a crime that occurred during a specific time period, the effect by which the criminal justice system operates like a giant sieve, continuously filtering the huge volume of crimes and criminals to the relatively small number of offenders who are incarcerated in the nation's prisons, a term coined by Sherman, Gartin, and Buerger to refer to locations where much more crime can be found that at other places. United States Military Academy c. Terrorists d. Mass media. It is estimated that over ___________% of all crashes in the u.s. are caused by driver distraction. Which philosophy of punishment advocates punishing an offender in an attempt to convince him or her to stop committing criminal acts? He then follows through his plan. a standardized measure of the amount of crime per unit of population. Research suggests that participation in sports reflects geographic location and economic conditions. crimes that are considered wrong or evil in and of themselves Ex Terrorism, Crime that is considered wrong because they are prohibited by criminal law Ex Prostitution, Also known as functionalism, the foundation of this perspective is the assumption that societies have an inherent tendency to maintain themselves in a state of relative equilibrium through the mutually adjustive and supportive interaction of their principal, are perspectives in social science which emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a social group, which critique the broad socio-political system, or which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism, Describe and identify cases in each of the four layers of the Explain the impact that celebrated cases have on the public's perceptions using specific examples List the factors used by criminal justice officials to informally classify cases into layers Compare and contrast felonies in the second and third layers of the wedding cake model. Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders who are teenagers are dealt with by judges who specialize in adolescent offenders and offenses. Which of these steps occurs first in the formal criminal justice process? Can both approaches be beneficial to society? gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals. Is body piercing a fad or a fashion? A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial. a. When the family returns home, they noticed their items were missing. Threatening to harm an individual. List all the steps of the court processes, corrections- fines, probation, jail etc. the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. By which time did the automobile become a basic part of the U.S. Culture? Give two examples each of relationships that you suspect may be positive and negative correlations. Twenty years ago, body piercing (other than for earrings) was considered deviant behavior. 1983), Corrections. How could you account for this fact? A key tenet of sociobiology is the concept of territoriality. when law enforcement detains and holds criminal suspect or suspects. T/F? The idea that a potential criminal would fear punishment because they know of someone else who was punished is referred to as: __________ theory focuses on a person's bonds to society as a factor in preventing crime. This type of offense includes murder, rape, assault, larceny, and arson. This writ is issued to bring a party before the court. the action by a criminal court which signifies that a portion of the justice process is complete and jurisdiction is transferred to another agency. punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses, rationality, utilitarism, and a social contract, spells out the elements of criminal acts and the penalties for engaging, rules that set forth how substantive laws are to be enforced, such as those covering arrest, search, and seizure -- miranda warnings, the relationship between actus reus and mens rea, Four conditions it was self defense under the COMMON LAW, imminent, obligation to flee, proportional force, blameless. involves declaring certain acts that are more likely to be committed by poor or homeless people, such as begging and being in public places, a crime. Today, it is fast becoming a social norm. An ideal type used to capture one side in the debate over the central values or practices of the criminal justice system. Criminal justice funnel suggests that most criminal cases, Enforcement, by police, court, correctional instructions of obedience to law, Ensuring the citizens are protected from abusive power by government, One of the important goals of the American criminal justice system is to maintain a balance, Prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail exception, Granted citizenship to "all person born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed, Omnibus crime control and safe street act of 1968 created the, Law enforcement assistance administration, Who has the authority to decide what charge will be filed at the time of arraignment, At what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant ask to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charge, Which pretrial activities would a suspect first encounter in the criminal justice process, Model of how people are processed through the criminal justice system unit they exit the system, What was view as the most serious problem in the united state according to Gallup poll in 1965, Which plants of law enforcement assistance administration promoted education among criminal justice personnel, What is the difference between first degree murder and second degree murder, Any intentional murder that is willful and premeditated with malice afterthought, Under the control model, the primary concern is the immediate protection of society, Primary concern is the protection of individual and preserving their freedom and liberties, Promise sometime backed by monetary garnered, that the accused will return for further proceedings, Early release from prison before the maximum sentence is served based on evidence of rehabilitation and the good behavior of the inmate, Formal verdict of the grand jury that there sufficient evidence to bring a person to trial, Panel of citizen that decide of there is enough evidence to have a trial, Judge determines the guilty or innocence of a defendant, Which amendment protects you from unreasonable search and seizure, Police activity that establishes the identification of an arrested person and formally charges that person with a crime. Which perspective holds that the purpose of the system is to ensure fair and equal treatment of all those accused of crimes? Give one reason why the gap between mens and womens salaries persists. Match the following examples with the major theoretical perspective: functionalism (F), conflict theory (C), symbolic interactionism (SI). a. fathers giving away brides b. having children c. development of self concept d. newly married partners adjusting to each other e. child abuse f. social class being passed from one generation to another. Describe the relationship between religion and political allegiance in the U.S. How does telling a friend about a trip you took last summer show how language frees humans from the limits of time and place? How might gender stereotypes contribute to inequality in the household? to literature, that seeks to confront the social, historical, and ideological forces and structures that produce and constrain it. Appeal and Habeas Corpus 2. B) sales taxes. Misdemeanors or minor offenses -- traffic violations, minor drug violations, shoplifting, and minor assault. Why do some athletes fall apart after a bad call? Local and state governments often support the privatization of prisons because? Accordingly, religious clergy tend to address their messages to the more traditional segments of society. According to the Criminal Justice Funnel, who is the weakest link in the Criminal Justice system? Papachristou V. Jacksonville "night walking" 1972, Margaret Papachristou and others (defendants) were arrested and charged with vagrancy. Celebrated cases, - Widespread media focus (national) which leads public to believe this is the norm for handling cases, Walker's Wedding Cake Mode - 2. How much does it cost an individual who is not professional to play these sports? Walter Miller proposed which concept to help explain the spread of gangs in poor neighborhoods? According to the criminal justice funnel, the police are able to clear _________ of the felonies known to them. A person found guilty but mentally ill is. Many textbooks written prior to the 1980s presented men is challenging and aggressive activities but portrayed women as homemaker, mothers, nurses, and secretaries just as many early textbooks did not provide a balanced view of different races and ethnicities. The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: - Richard Dugdale's (1877) The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, and Heredity, - Monozygotic (identical) vs Dizygotic (fraternal) Twins, - Best way to separate the inherited traits (nature) from environmental conditions (nurture), (Abnormal cell division (XYY) and (XXY), a rare condition that produces "hyper-masculine" people), Learning occurs by rewarding/punishing behavior (B. F. Skinner), Antecedent Stimulus --> Behavior --> Consequences (reward/punish), A psychological perspective arguing behavior is learned through a modeling process (mimetic or imitative), people learn how to behave by observing others (Albert Bandura), - The inability of a community to realize the common values of its residents and to maintain effective social controls, Social disorganization: Ethnic succession, - Found stable differences in interzone crime rates regardless of ethnicity & racial makeup of the Zone, Social disorganization: Geographic patterns (concentric zones), - Found that most criminal activity occurred in the Zone of Transition (Zone 2), Social disorganization: Characteristics of the zone of transition, - Social and physical disorder in the environment invites more serious crime. Less-serious felonies, - Small time felonies committed by youngsters or first timers, Walker's Wedding Cake Mode - 4. This, of course, brings up many problems such as differing interpretations of laws, personal bias, making emotional decisions and the physically weak being vulnerable to the strong. He outlines to plan to shoot her in her sleep and dump her body in a river nearby. Some parents are challenging the exam, claiming that students with passing grades could fail to get into a good college if they failed the exam. was an American sociologist. d. Does tennis reflect mainstream values? it is a type or robbery, most occur during evening hours, Name the three major sourses of crime data, a representative or random samply that asks questions or interviews to collect information, the major source of aggregate record data, put together info from a group (aggregated) of official files(record), Similiarties of uniform crime repots, nation crime victimization survery and self data report, They are all used for comparison to other data, and helps inform CJ policy, what are the difference between uniform crime reprts, national crime victimization survey and self data report, Uniform crime reports- are official record dat collected by police. sociological perspectives, theories, or paradigms are complex theoretical and methodological frameworks used to analyze and explain objects of social study. To ensure that all students have a minimum standard of knowledge before leaving school, several states now require high school students to pass a comprehensive exam. Steps in the criminal justice process and associated concepts, Report of a Crime, pre-arrest investigation, Arrest, Booking, Post-arrest investigation, Decision to charge, Preliminary hearing, Grand jury, Arraignment, Pre-trial motions, Trial, sentencing, Corrections, Post-Conviction- 1.
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