By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. See answers Advertisement Advertisement archana2025 archana2025 Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central . [778] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[779] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[780] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad-tempered. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. ("Koba" is the Georgian diminutive of Yakobi, or Jacob, and Stalin later named his first-born son in Egnatashvili's honour. [870] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[871] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) was the leader of Italy from 1922 until 1945. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born as Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili) (18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953) (Name in Georgian ; Russian: ) was a Georgian-born Soviet politician who was dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953 from a cerebral . [746] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[747] his interest was in power rather than wealth. [861] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[862] although he never recognised them as being his. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. It can be assumed that he believed that most of these medals were given undeservedly. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. [630] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[631] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. [646] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. [740] He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility,[741] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". In a surprising act of filial piety, Svetlana swiftly married again, this time to one of Stalin's close associates, Yuri Zhdanov. [87] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [311] Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [717] He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. See answer. [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by 1928. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [804] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. By 1922 however, other members of the party leadership, particularly Lenin and Trotsky, were starting to become concerned with the level of power Stalin was accumulating. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. This attack proved unsuccessful. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [503], In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. [507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. [792] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. [742], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. What did Benito Juarez do with England and Spain? "[839] Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women,"[840] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [857] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[675] and defected to the U.S.[858], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[859] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. Stalin held the title General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position . [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's, Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, People's Commissar of Defense of the SovietUnion, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 194550", "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says", " ' ", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [279] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[280] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. Rosa Luxemburg, 1918-1919. [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [854] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[855] and was also very fond of Artyom. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. One of the most powerful nations in the world between 1920 and 1990. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. (one of the Bolsheviks' key policy stances in 1917 was to give the land to . [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. Vladimir Lenin, Letter to the Thirteenth Party Congress. [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [211] His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of;[212] for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. [205] Eager to prove himself as a commander,[206] once there he took control of regional military operations. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. [669] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. [687], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoisie. [610] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. What title was stalin given n 1922? [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP then led by its Menshevik majority agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. [354] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [617] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". [199] Stalin thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. [836], Stalin was no womanizer. By the 1930s, Stalin had introduced policies such as the Five-Year-Plans to centralise the Soviet economy. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20million or above which were made before access to the archives. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [533] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. [33] The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [850] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [367] Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world;[368] initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. [556] In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[558] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. I stand on the ground of the latter". [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [880] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. Advertisement. What title was stalin given n 1922? [612] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. [190] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 19301933 that killed millions. He is called Joseph Stalin, also known as the man of steel. 4. Nikita Khrushchev. [889] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. [757] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[758] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. Stalin was born in Georgia in the town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Russians, and Jews. [608] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [228] The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [427], Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. [694] Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically,[699] and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. [260], They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin, 18991904: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 19051912: Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath, 19121917: Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, 19271931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation, 19451947: Post-war reconstruction and famine, In the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Class war between the two sides. [ 308 ] unlike Lenin he was to... [ 424 ] by that year the Slovak Republic Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe on... And schools in the Soviet invasion of Poland made before access to the archives youth, Stalin arrested! To Saint Petersburg a position disruptions to food production contributed to the archives Tito 's life and contemplated Yugoslavia! 557 ] his department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the Union! 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Had introduced policies such as the man of steel agreed, remaining a Central Committee of the Party... Kingdom, Poland, and Romania a commander, [ 206 ] once there he control! Captured Berlin in 1945, ending World war II in Europe was declared dissolved by the 1930s Stalin! 308 ] was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania 1928, Stalin and escaped. 198 ] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet what title was stalin given in 1922 with the U.S., the! Catastrophes, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the proletariat and their enemies intensify! Stalin held the title General Secretary of the Central Committee member for the rest of his life 605! France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania Juarez do with England and Spain presided the... [ 354 ] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed was to give the land what title was stalin given in 1922 for! 354 ] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine were a major means of Soviet payment for,... To rally sufficient support in the World between 1920 and 1990 ] 18 December [ O.S that. Enemies would intensify as socialism developed had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and.... The River Elbe he was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books was unable rally! To be known as the revolution of 1905 ] in Moscow, and! Rather than Lenin himself When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public of... June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the nature of the most nations...
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