Hanley, Robert (November 6, 1979). For the book, see, Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army, Howell, Ron (October 11, 1987) "'On the Run With Assata Shakur' -, "Hands Off Assata Shakur: Angela Davis Calls for Radical Activism to Protect Activist Exiled in Cuba. Last week, it. Hershberger, James (March 24, 2006). (December 13, 1973), "Chesimard Trial Goes To The Jury". She's an activist, member of the Black Liberation Army, and escaped convicted murderer with a $2 million bounty currently on her head. From 1971 to 1973, the Black Liberation Army was held responsible for a series of sniper attacks and bank robberies in New York, New Jersey, St. Louis, and Detroit. [239], The largely Internet-based "Hands Off Assata!" [198] Since her escape, Shakur has been charged with unlawful flight to avoid imprisonment. [138], At Shakur's sentencing hearing on April 25, Appleby sentenced her to 26 to 33years in state prison (10 to 12 for the four counts of assault, 12 to 15 for robbery, 2 to 3 for armed robbery, plus 2 to 3 for aiding and abetting the murder of Foerster), to be served consecutively with her mandatory life sentence. (February 14, 1974). "Our tinderboxes for radical violence". [44], As of February 17, 1972, when Shakur was identified as one of four BLA members on a short trip to Chattanooga, Tennessee, she was wanted for questioning (along with Robert Vickers, Twyman Meyers, Samuel Cooper, and Paul Stewart) in relation to police killings, a Queens bank robbery, and the grenade attack on police. Assata Shakur, or JoAnne Chesimard as the media and authorities continued to call her, was acknowledged to be the soul of the BLA. [66] According to the testimony of State Police investigators, two jammed semi-automatic pistols were discovered near Foerster's body. ", then displayed a revolver and demanded money. Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n, 457 U.S. 423 (1982). [67] Kunstler had previously been successful in subpoenaing Kelley and Church for the trials of American Indian Movement (AIM) members charged with murdering FBI agents. that somewhere in your heart you have love for me. I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. [90] Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1973). The correspondence sub-series consist of letters written to or from McCreary ranging in date from 1963-1998. . [62][133] During the trial, hundreds of civil rights campaigners demonstrated outside of the Middlesex County courthouse each day. 1973) (per curiam). A condition of making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. [123], One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. [193] In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. Prial, Frank J. negras y a sus lderes, Shakur pas cuatro aos en la crcel antes de su condena en 1977, sustentada en pruebas poco slidas. In 1987, her presence in Cuba became widely known when she agreed to be interviewed by Newsday. They mounted a campaign of guerilla activities against the U.S. government, using such tactics as planting bombs, holding up banks, and murdering drug dealers and police. "Gunfight Suspect Caught in Jersey". [14] She was arrested for the first timewith 100 other BMCC studentsin 1967, on charges of trespassing. Sullivan, Joseph F. (May 4, 1973). "Chesimard still stirs admiration and scorn,", Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, List of fugitives from justice who disappeared, "Cuba still harbors one of America's most wanted fugitives. I just decided to move my car after I learned a little more . Sterling, Guy, and Forero, Juan (May 7, 1998), "On the lam, Chesimard is hardly on her own". [238] According to Dylan Rodriguez, to many "U.S. radicals and revolutionaries" Shakur represents a "venerated (if sometimes fetishized) signification of liberatory desire and possibility". Shakur a former member of the Black Liberation Army had been injured during the shootout, which involved two other BLA members and State Troopers James Harper and Werner Foerster, the latter of which was killed. (2001). [104], The Turnpike shootout proceedings continued with Judge John E. Bachman in Middlesex County. [56] Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur. Johnston, Richard H. (February 13, 1974). The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response. [99] Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket. [26] Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot; afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again. [138] The jury also asked Appleby to repeat the definitions of "intent" and "reasonable doubt". Esta autobiografa intensamente personal y poltica desmiente la temible Following her parents' divorce in 1950, she moved with her mother and maternal grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. ". to Aid Search for Miss Chesimard; Jersey Authorities Tell Magistrate She Apparently Fled the State After Her Prison Escape Visitors Were Not Searched Drove Across a Field Visitation Policies Under Review Official Account of Escape". [108][109][110], Shakur and four others (including Fred Hilton, Avon White, and Andrew Jackson) were indicted in the State Supreme Court in the Bronx on December 31, 1973, on charges of attempting to shoot and kill two policemenMichael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, who were wounded but had since returned to dutyin an ambush in St. Albans, Queens on January 28, 1973. [58][68] Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed. While serving a life sentence for murder, Shakur escaped in 1979, with assistance from the BLA and members of the May 19 Communist Organization, from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in Union Township, NJ, now the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women. Johnston, Richard J. H. (March 9, 1974). Why Cuba will never send Assata Shakur to the U.S. 781 likes, 20 comments - Jermaine (@therealblackhistorian) on Instagram: "Tupac Shakur was under the radar because of his life long connection with the Black Panther Party." Jermaine on Instagram: "Tupac Shakur was under the radar because of his life long connection with the Black Panther Party and other militant revolutionaries. Kaufman, Michael T. (February 9, 1972), "9 in Black 'Army' Are Hunted in Police Assassinations". I felt like an African woman".[24]. [81][82] In light of the pending murder prosecution against Shakur in New Jersey state court, her lawyers requested that the trial be postponed for six months to permit further preparation. John Young, in August, 1971. [101], Shakur personally cross-examined the witnesses, getting White to admit that he had once been in love with her; the same day, one juror (who had been frequently napping during the trial) was replaced with an alternate. [145] On May 6, 1977, Judge Clarkson Fisher, of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, denied Shakur's request for an injunction requiring her transfer from the all-male facility to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; the Third Circuit affirmed. She escaped from prison in 1979 and later fled to Cuba in 1984, where she gained political asylum. [15] In April 1967, she married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY. "[221] The bounty announcement reportedly caused Shakur to "drop out of sight" after having previously lived relatively openly (including having her home telephone number listed in her local telephone directory). The FBI put out a $2 million bounty for her recapture almost 50 years ago. The New York Amsterdam News section is an ad in support of Assata Shakur. [58][61][62] Acoli was driving the two-door vehicle, Assata Shakur was seated in the right front seat, and Zayd Shakur was in the right rear seat. "Police See More Military Arms in Use". [49], By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)[50] was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her. "Prosecution Rests Case on Chesimard Robbery Trial; Defendant Ejected". In 1977, she was convicted of the murder of State Trooper Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the 1973 shootout. Quick Reference. "[164] The case was delayed in being brought to trial as a result of an agreement between the governors of New York and New Jersey as to the priority of the various charges against Shakur. Daly, Michael (December 13, 2006). Kamau Sadiki (born Fred W. X. Hilton), a co-defendant who shared a cell with Shakur during their trial for armed robbery in the Bronx (of which both were acquitted), is believed to be the father. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiacwhich Acoli drove 5 miles (8km) down the road and parked. Assata had several warrants for her arrest on charges . [134], One prospective juror was dismissed for reading Target Blue,[153] a book by Robert Daley, a former New York City Deputy Police Commander, which dealt in part with Shakur and had been left in the jury assembly room. Also involved in the shootout were New Jersey State Troopers Werner Foerster and James Harper and BLA members Sundiata Acoli and Zayd Malik Shakur. [182][133] Their investigation, which focused on alleged human rights abuses of political prisoners, cited Shakur as "one of the worst cases" of such abuses and including her in "a class of victims of FBI misconduct through the COINTELPRO strategy and other forms of illegal government conduct who as political activists have been selectively targeted for provocation, false arrests, entrapment, fabrication of evidence, and spurious criminal prosecutions". The film premiered at the San Diego Black Film Festival and starred Assata Shakur herself. 1977) Assata Shakur was born Joanne Deborah Byron and was raised middle-class in Queens. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run identity checks on Shakur's visitors[190] and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room,[191] before which they were not searched. [92] Gagliardi denied requests by the jurors to pose questions to the witnesseseither directly or through himand declined to provide the jury with information they requested about how long the defense had been given to prepare, saying it was "none of their concern". [237], Black NJ State Trooper Anthony Reed (who has left the force) sued the police force because, among other things, persons had hung posters of Shakur, altered to include Reed's badge number, in a Newark barracks. 473 (D.N.J. Assata Shakur was born as JoAnne Deborah Byron in 1947, but after getting deep into political activism and fighting to end oppression with the Black Panther Party she changed her "slave name" and adopted the . [77], Between 1973 and 1977, in New York and New Jersey, Shakur was indicted ten times, resulting in seven different criminal trials. [186][187] No one was injured during the prison break, including the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. [97] After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with Shakur officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy. [233], Following controversy, in 1995, Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. [62] Shakur again attempted to remove the trial to federal court. The FBI put out a $2 million bounty for her recapture almost 50 years ago. [195][200] In 1985, her daughter, Kakuya, who had been raised by Shakur's mother in New York, came to live with her. The BLA's most notorious attack, however, came in 1972, when it carried out perhaps the most gruesome assassination of police officers in the history of New York, killing two patrolmen, Greg Foster. [222], New York City Councilman Charles Barron, a former Black Panther, has called for the bounty to be rescinded. The Fugitive: Why has the FBI placed a million-dollar bounty on Assata Shakur? She escaped from prison in 1979 and is currently wanted by the FBI, with a $1 million reward for her apprehension. In May 1973, Shakur was arrested after being wounded in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike. [165] Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. Beginning in 1971, Shakur was allegedly involved in several incidents of assault and robbery, in which she was charged or identified as wanted for questioning, including attacks on New York City police and bank robberies in the area. Farley, Anthony Paul (Fall 2005). [122] In this trial, Shakur acted as her own co-counsel and told the jury in her opening testimony: I have decided to act as co-counsel, and to make this opening statement, not because I have any illusions about my legal abilities, but, rather, because there are things that I must say to you. (December 15, 1973). . They have called us gangsters and gun molls and have compared us to such [58] Assata Shakur walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender. 1974). [217][218] The Resolution was due in no small part to the lobbying efforts of Governor Whitman and New Jersey Representative Bob Franks. [241], In 2015, Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza writes: "When I use Assata's powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata's significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what its political purpose and message is, and why it's important in our context. Director and Others to Testify on Program Aimed at Harassing Activists". [63] In his opening statement to a jury, Hamlin said that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and used Foerster's own gun to "execute him". [176] At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the Aryan Sisterhood as well as Sandra Good and Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, followers of Charles Manson. "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996," Public Law 104-132 is dated April 24, 1996 and . Chesimard v. Mulcahy, 570 F.2d 1184 (3d Cir. "Going Back to Class? [64] The other charges were: first-degree murder (of Foerster), second-degree murder (of Zayd Shakur), illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery (related to Foerster's service revolver). "Assata Shakur: Profiled and on the Run". Sundiata Acoli, 85, the oldest former member of the Black Panthers still to be incarcerated for acts of violence during the 1970s Black liberation struggle, is finally to be released from. [192], At the time of the escape, Kunstler had just started to prepare her appeal. The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey denied the petition and also denied Shakur an injunction against the holding of trial proceedings on Fridays. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). [122] The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Most Wanted Terrorists: JOANNE DEBORAH CHESIMARD, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata_Shakur&oldid=1146866583, Convicted of murder, one of the FBI's "Most Wanted Terrorists", friend of, Bank robbery in Bronx: Conspiracy, robbery, and assault with a deadly weapon, Attempted murder of policemen Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, Turnpike shootout: First-degree murder, second-degree murder, atrocious assault and battery, assault and battery against a police officer, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault with intent to kill, illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery, Assault and battery against a police officer, Christol, Helene. A brief history by Rashad Shabazz of the Black Liberation Army, a Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group with roots in the Black Panther Party. After a bomb threat was made against Judge Appleby, Sheriff Joseph DeMarino lied to the press about the exact date of her transfer to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; He later claimed the threat to be the cause of his falsification. He was sentenced to life in prison in 1974 for murdering a New Jersey state trooper. [43] Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police. [87] White and Rivers, although having pled guilty, had not yet been sentenced for the robbery and were promised that the charges would be dropped in exchange for their testimony. She said she was taught a sugar-coated version of history that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. ", "Trump calls on Cuba to return U.S. fugitives, including cop-killer Chesimard", "Like Water for Chocolate: Common's Recipe for Progressive Hip-Hop", "CUNY Chief Orders Names Stripped From Student Center", "First Amendment Violation Claim Proceeds Against College Over Removed Plaque", Two Scholarships Given New Names After Controversy, Superhero Inspiration for Course on 'Black Heroes', "Common Pulled From Kean University Commencement Speech After Police Complaints", "A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement", "Activists of every stripe unite in ICE civil disobedience", "Assata Shakur birthday honored by Women's March organizers", "When the 'Resistance' Gets Reprehensible", "Six months after the Women's March on Washington, the Resistance Revival has a message for Trump", "County pays $15K to FBI fugitive, part of Freeman Park land deal", The Cointelpro papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent in the United States, "New Most Wanted Terrorist Joanne Chesimard; First Woman Added to List," May 2, 2013, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Assata Shakur Speaks website in support of Shakur, "The Story of Joanne Chesimard," May 2003 editorial, NJLawman.com. A fugitive convicted killer has become the first woman to be put on the FBI's list of "Most Wanted Terrorists". [17] In Oakland, Shakur worked with the BPP to organize protests and community education programs. [63][b] Trooper Harper asked the driver for identification, noticed a discrepancy, asked him to get out of the car, and questioned him at the rear of the vehicle.[58]. [212] Shakur later published an extensive criticism of the NBC segment, which inter-spliced footage of Trooper Foerster's grieving widow with an FBI photo connected to a bank robbery of which Shakur had been acquitted. [119][122], By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. [165] The prosecutor was C. Richard Gibbons. Shakur's only daughter, Kakuya Shakur, was conceived during her trial[108] and born on September 11, 1974, in the "fortified psychiatric ward" at Elmhurst General Hospital in Queens,[122][170] where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. In it she calls herself a revolutionary seeking freedom for "my people." Shakur's 1977 conviction and later escape from prison have made her an icon of black power enthusiasts. Olugbala means "savior" in Yoruba. Her other texts in the book are a July 4, 1973, speech ("To My People"), which was broadcast on many radio stations, an exposition on the theory of "armed revolutionary struggle", and many poems. Assata spent six and a half years in prison under brutal circumstances before escaping out of the maximum security wing of the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey in 1979 and moving to . [103] Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. "The Soul Survivor; Assata Shakur on the Making of a Radical". And in my own mind, only someone who has been so intimately a victim of this madness as I have can do justice to what I have to say. Kaufman, Michael T. (January 30, 1973). In her 320-page memoir, Shakur gave one paragraph to her marriage, saying that it ended over their differing views of gender roles. Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes and made the subject of a multi-state manhunt. [38] According to later court testimony, Shakur lived in Pittsburgh until August 1980, when she flew to the Bahamas. [67] The motion (argued March 2)which also asked the court to require the production of memos, tapes, documents, and photographs of alleged COINTELPRO involvement from 1970 to 1973was denied.[67][135]. [245][246][247], In April 2018, a North Carolina court ordered that payment of $15,000 be made to Shakur's representative, her sister Beverly Goins, as part of a land deal. Black brothers, black sisters, I want you to know that I love you and I hope . The Reemergence of Class in Critical Race Theory Symposium: Essay: Accumulation". [115] Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented truck. "F.B.I. Jones, Robert A. See Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case Investigation Joanne Chesimard". She was right up my alley because i [sic] was forever asking all kinds of questions. [8] In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. In 2005, SUNY Press released The New Abolitionists (Neo)Slave Narratives and Contemporary Prison Writings, edited and with an added introduction by Joy James, in which Shakur's Women in Prison: How We Are 1978 is featured. [27], Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. [224] Calls for Shakur's extradition increased following Fidel Castro's transfer of presidential duties;[222] in a May 2005 television address, Castro had called Shakur a victim of racial persecution, saying "they wanted to portray her as a terrorist, something that was an injustice, a brutality, an infamous lie. Bachman. [134], Shakur's attorneys sought a new trial on the grounds that one jury member, John McGovern, had violated the jury's sequestration order. They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman". Her autobiography has been cited in relation to critical legal studies[204] and critical race theory. Waggoner, Walter H. (February 16, 1977), ". [135][152] A sixteenth female juror was removed before the trial formally opened, when it was determined that Sheriff Joseph DeMarino of Middlesex County, while a private detective several years earlier, had worked for a lawyer who represented the juror's husband. Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). [199], Shakur was in Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted political asylum there. [169][174][175], On April 8, 1978, Shakur was transferred to Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson, West Virginia, where she met Puerto Rican nationalist Lolita Lebrn[10] and Mary Alice, a Catholic nun, who introduced Shakur to the concept of liberation theology. However, Appleby dismissed the second-degree murder of Zayd Shakur, as the New Jersey Supreme Court had recently narrowed the application of the law. [110] Neurosurgeon Dr. Arthur Turner Davidson, Associate Professor of Surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, testified that the wounds in her upper arms, armpit and chest, and severed median nerve that instantly paralyzed her right arm, would only have been caused if both arms were raised, and that to sustain such injuries while crouching and firing a weapon (as described in Trooper Harper's testimony) "would be anatomically impossible". [9] [158], A key element of Shakur's defense was medical testimony meant to demonstrate that she was shot with her hands up and that she would have been subsequently unable to fire a weapon. Black Panther activist Assata Shakur was pulled over by New Jersey police, shot twice and then charged with the murder of a police officer in 1973. [102] During the retrial, the defendants repeatedly left or were thrown out of the courtroom. Shakur was arrested in 1973 and later sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a state trooper. [63] Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as Assata Shakur was hit by bullets from Harper's gun. [163] Appleby finally sentenced Shakur to 30days in the Middlesex County Workhouse for contempt of court, concurrent with the other sentences, for refusing to rise when he entered the courtroom. The member he was arrested with, Assata Shakur - previously known as JoAnne Chesimard - has been a fugitive. [158] After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. [42] Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as "the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting". Malcolm X told the truth when he stated, "Education is an important element in the struggle for human rights. [19] Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot whose members were inspired by the Vietcong and the Algerian independence fighters of the Battle of Algiers. Browse, borrow, and enjoy titles from the Minuteman Library Network digital collection. During a confrontation, a shootout ensued, killing Foerster and one of the passengers in the car. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. "[159], Dr. David Spain, a pathologist from Brookdale Community College, testified that her bullet scars as well as X-rays supported her claim that her arms were raised, and that there was "no conceivable way" the first bullet could have hit Shakur's clavicle if her arm was down. With the questioning of Acoli, accounts by participants of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). Chesimard v. Gagliardi, 489 F.2d 271 (2d Cir. Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her: Digable Planets, The Underachievers and X-Clan have also recorded songs about Shakur. "[44][78] It gives an account of her life beginning with her youth in the South and New York. [63] At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semi-automatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found",[63] while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. Assata was a Black Panther then a Black Liberation Army (BLA) leader in the early '70s, so she was a target of the FBI's COINTELPRO operation. [141] The New Jersey Legal Ethics Committee also investigated complaints against Hinds for comparing Shakur's murder trial to "legalized lynching"[142] undertaken by a "kangaroo court". [203], In 1987, she published Assata: An Autobiography, which was written in Cuba. Prial, Frank J. [100] The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be Allah in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison. Her aunt helped her to later earn a General Educational Development (GED) degree. [94] This trial resulted in a hung jury and then a mistrial, when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time. Black Liberation activist Assata Shakur was found guilty of killing a police officer in 1977, only to escape prison two years later and become a political refugee in Cuba. [100] Shakur was immediately returned to Morristown, New Jersey, under a heavy guard following the trial. 1977) (en banc). Inadmissible Evidence: The Story of the African-American Trial Lawyer Who Defended the Black Liberation Army: Williams, Evelyn: 9780595141708: Amazon.com: Books Books Biographies & Memoirs Community & Culture Buy new: $13.40 List Price: $15.95 Details Save: $2.55 (16%) Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime FREE Returns [219] In the letter, Waters explained her opposition, calling COINTELPRO "illegal, clandestine political persecution". [148] Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged. Assata Shakur was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) which operated as an underground militant revolutionary organization in the U.S. throughout the 1970s. One man involved in the killing was still wanted at the time of the arrests. 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